You are here

class ip2countryTestCase in IP-based Determination of a Visitor's Country 6

Same name and namespace in other branches
  1. 7 tests/ip2country.test \ip2countryTestCase

Need 1 class for unit tests, 1 class for functional tests 1 function for DB tests because filling takes so long

Hierarchy

Expanded class hierarchy of ip2countryTestCase

File

./ip2country.test, line 19
Tests suite for the ip2country module.

View source
class ip2countryTestCase extends DrupalWebTestCase {

  /** Admin user */
  protected $admin_user;

  /** Authenticated but unprivileged user */
  protected $unpriv_user;

  /**
   * Implements DrupalWebTestCase::getInfo().
   */
  public static function getInfo() {
    return array(
      'name' => 'IP/Country lookup',
      'description' => 'Test operations of IP to Country module.',
      'group' => 'IP to Country',
    );
  }

  /**
   * Overrides DrupalWebTestCase::setUp().
   */
  function setUp() {

    //
    // Don't install ip2country! parent::setUp() creates a clean
    // environment, so we can influence the install before we call setUp().
    // We don't want the DB populated, so we'll manually install ip2country.
    //
    parent::setUp();

    //
    // Set a run-time long enough so the script won't break
    //
    $this->timeLimit = 3 * 60;

    // 3 minutes!
    set_time_limit($this->timeLimit);

    // Turn off automatic DB download when module is installed.
    variable_set('ip2country_populate_database_on_install', FALSE);

    // Explicitly enable the module so that it will have access
    // to the variable we set above.
    drupal_install_modules(array(
      'countries_api',
      'ip2country',
    ));
    $this
      ->resetAll();

    // The secret ingredient
    $this
      ->assertTrue(module_exists('countries_api'), t('Module %module enabled.', array(
      '%module' => 'countries_api',
    )));
    $this
      ->assertTrue(module_exists('ip2country'), t('Module %module enabled.', array(
      '%module' => 'ip2country',
    )));
    $this
      ->assertTrue(ip2country_get_count() == 0, t('Database is empty.'));

    // Create our test users.
    $this->admin_user = $this
      ->drupalCreateUser(array(
      'administer site configuration',
      'access administration pages',
      'access site reports',
      'administer ip2country',
    ));
    $this->unpriv_user = $this
      ->drupalCreateUser();
  }

  /**
   * Backport of DrupalWebTestCase::resetAll() from Drupal 7.
   */
  protected function resetAll() {

    // Reset cached schema for new database prefix. This must be done before
    // drupal_flush_all_caches() so rebuilds can make use of the schema of
    // modules enabled on the cURL side.
    drupal_get_schema(NULL, TRUE);

    // Perform rebuilds and flush remaining caches.
    actions_synchronize();
    _drupal_flush_css_js();
    menu_rebuild();

    // Reload global $conf array and permissions.
    $this
      ->refreshVariables();
    $this
      ->checkPermissions(array(), TRUE);
    user_access(NULL, NULL, TRUE);

    // Drupal 6.
  }

  /**
   * Tests IP lookup for addresses in / not in the database.
   */
  function testIPLookup() {
    ip2country_update_database('arin');
    $this
      ->assertTrue(($count = ip2country_get_count()) != 0, t('Database has been updated with @rows rows.', array(
      '@rows' => $count,
    )));

    // Real working IPs
    $ip_array = array(
      '125.29.33.201',
      '212.58.224.138',
      '184.51.240.110',
      '210.87.9.66',
      '93.184.216.119',
    );
    foreach ($ip_array as $ip_address) {

      // Test dotted quad string form of address
      $country = ip2country_get_country($ip_address);
      $this
        ->assertTrue($country, t('@ip found, resolved to @country.', array(
        '@ip' => $ip_address,
        '@country' => $country,
      )));

      // Test 32-bit unsigned long form of address
      $usl_country = ip2country_get_country(ip2long($ip_address));
      $this
        ->assertTrue($usl_country == $country, t('Unsigned long lookup found same country code.'));
      $this
        ->pass(t('Valid IP found in database.'));
    }

    // Invalid and reserved IPs
    $ip_array = array(
      '127.0.0.1',
      '358.1.1.0',
    );
    foreach ($ip_array as $ip_address) {
      $country = ip2country_get_country($ip_address);
      $this
        ->assertFalse($country, t('@ip not found in database.', array(
        '@ip' => $ip_address,
      )));
      $this
        ->pass(t('Invalid IP not found in database.'));
    }
    ip2country_empty_database();
    $this
      ->assertTrue(ip2country_get_count() == 0, t('Database is Empty.'));
  }

  /**
   * Tests injecting IP data via hook_ip2country_alter()
   */
  function testAlterHook() {
    $this
      ->pass(t('testAlterHook passed.'));
  }

  /**
   * Tests Default country
   */
  function testDefaultCountry() {
    $this
      ->pass(t('testDefaultCountry passed.'));
  }

  /**
   * Tests module permissions / access to configuration page.
   */
  function testUserAccess() {

    //
    // Test as anonymous user
    //
    $this
      ->drupalGet('admin/settings');
    $this
      ->assertText(t('Access denied'));
    $this
      ->assertText(t('You are not authorized to access this page.'));
    $this
      ->drupalGet('admin/settings/ip2country');
    $this
      ->assertText(t('Access denied'));
    $this
      ->assertText(t('You are not authorized to access this page.'));

    // Try to trigger DB update as anonymous
    $this
      ->drupalGet('admin/settings/ip2country/update/arin');
    $this
      ->assertText(t('Access denied'));
    $this
      ->assertText(t('You are not authorized to access this page.'));

    //
    // Test as authenticated but unprivileged user
    //
    $this
      ->drupalLogin($this->unpriv_user);
    $this
      ->drupalGet('admin/settings');
    $this
      ->assertText(t('Access denied'));
    $this
      ->assertText(t('You are not authorized to access this page.'));
    $this
      ->drupalGet('admin/settings/ip2country');
    $this
      ->assertText(t('Access denied'));
    $this
      ->assertText(t('You are not authorized to access this page.'));
    $this
      ->drupalLogout();

    //
    // As admin user
    //
    $this
      ->drupalLogin($this->admin_user);
    $this
      ->drupalGet('admin/settings');
    $this
      ->assertText(t('IP to Country settings'));
    $this
      ->assertText(t('Settings for determining user location from IP address.'));
    $this
      ->drupalGet('admin/settings/ip2country');
    $this
      ->assertText(t('IP to Country settings'));
    $this
      ->assertText(t('Configuration settings for the ip2country module.'));
    $this
      ->assertText(t('Database is empty.'));
    $this
      ->assertFieldByName('ip2country_watchdog', 1, t('Database updates are being logged to watchdog.'));
    $this
      ->assertFieldByName('ip2country_rir', 'arin', t('Database updates from arin.'));

    // Update database via UI - choose a random RIR
    // (Actually short-circuiting the UI here because of the Ajax call)
    $rir = array_rand(array(
      'afrinic' => 'AFRINIC',
      'arin' => 'ARIN',
      'apnic' => 'APNIC',
      'lacnic' => 'LACNIC',
      'ripe' => 'RIPE',
    ));
    $this
      ->drupalGet('admin/settings/ip2country/update/' . $rir);
    $this
      ->assertText(t('The IP to Country database has been updated from @rir.', array(
      '@rir' => strtoupper($rir),
    )));

    // Check watchdog
    $this
      ->drupalGet('admin/reports/dblog');
    $this
      ->assertText(t('Recent log entries'));
    $this
      ->assertText('ip2country');
    $this
      ->assertLink(t('Manual database update from @rir server.', array(
      '@rir' => strtoupper($rir),
    )));

    // Drill down
    $this
      ->clickLink(t('Manual database update from @rir server.', array(
      '@rir' => strtoupper($rir),
    )));
    $this
      ->assertText(t('Details'));
    $this
      ->assertText('ip2country');
    $this
      ->assertText(t('Manual database update from @rir server.', array(
      '@rir' => strtoupper($rir),
    )));
    $this
      ->drupalLogout();
  }

  /**
   * Tests $user object for proper value
   */
  function testUserObject() {
    $this
      ->pass(t('testUserObject passed.'));
  }

  /**
   * Tests UI
   */
  function testUI() {
    $this
      ->pass(t('testUI passed.'));
  }

  /**
   * Tests IP Spoofing
   * -- anonymous vs authenticated users
   * Check for info $messages
   */
  function testIPSpoofing() {
    $this
      ->pass(t('testIPSpoofing passed.'));
  }

  /**
   * Tests Country Spoofing
   * -- anonymous vs authenticated users
   * Check for info $messages
   */
  function testCountrySpoofing() {
    $this
      ->pass(t('testCountrySpoofing passed.'));
  }

  /**
   * Tests manual lookup
   */
  function testIPManualLookup() {

    //$this->clickLink(t('Lookup'));
    $this
      ->pass(t('testIPManualLookup passed.'));
  }

  /**
   * Tests DB download
   */
  function testDBDownload() {
    ip2country_empty_database();
    $this
      ->assertTrue(ip2country_get_count() == 0, t('Database is Empty.'));

    // Choose a random RIR
    $rir = array_rand(array(
      //    'afrinic' => 'AFRINIC', // Don't use AFRINIC because it's incomplete
      'arin' => 'ARIN',
      'apnic' => 'APNIC',
      'lacnic' => 'LACNIC',
      'ripe' => 'RIPE',
    ));
    ip2country_update_database($rir);
    $this
      ->assertTrue(($count = ip2country_get_count()) != 0, t('Database has been updated from %rir with @rows rows.', array(
      '%rir' => strtoupper($rir),
      '@rows' => $count,
    )));
    ip2country_empty_database();
    $this
      ->assertTrue(ip2country_get_count() == 0, t('Database is Empty.'));
  }

  /**
   * Tests manual DB update.
   */
  function testDBManualUpdate() {

    //$this->clickLink(t('Update'));
    $rows = db_result(db_query('SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {ip2country}'));

    //$this->assertText(

    //  t('The IP to Country database has been updated from @rir. @rows rows affected.', array('@rir' => $rir, '@rows' => $rows)),
    //  t('Database was updated manually.')

    //);
    $this
      ->pass(t('testDBManualUpdate passed.'));
  }

  /**
   * Tests cron DB update.
   */
  function testDBCronUpdate() {
    $this
      ->pass(t('testDBCronUpdate passed.'));
  }

  /**
   * Tests logging of DB updates.
   */
  function testDBUpdateLogging() {

    // Turn off logging
    // Turn on logging
    $edit = array(
      'ip2country_watchdog' => array(
        'test' => TRUE,
      ),
    );

    //$this->drupalPost(

    //  'admin/store/settings/countries/edit',
    //  $edit,
    //  t('Import')

    //);

    //$this->assertText(

    //  t('Database updated from @rir server.', array('@rir' => $rir)),
    //  t('Watchdog reported database update.')

    //);
    $this
      ->pass(t('testDBUpdateLogging passed.'));
  }

  /**
   * Overrides DrupalWebTestCase::tearDown().
   */
  function tearDown() {

    // Perform any clean-up tasks.
    variable_del('ip2country_populate_database_on_install');

    // Finally...
    parent::tearDown();
  }

}

Members

Namesort descending Modifiers Type Description Overrides
DrupalTestCase::$assertions protected property Assertions thrown in that test case.
DrupalTestCase::$databasePrefix protected property The database prefix of this test run.
DrupalTestCase::$originalFileDirectory protected property The original file directory, before it was changed for testing purposes.
DrupalTestCase::$originalPrefix protected property The original database prefix, before it was changed for testing purposes.
DrupalTestCase::$results public property Current results of this test case.
DrupalTestCase::$skipClasses protected property This class is skipped when looking for the source of an assertion.
DrupalTestCase::$testId protected property The test run ID.
DrupalTestCase::$timeLimit protected property Time limit for the test.
DrupalTestCase::assert protected function Internal helper: stores the assert.
DrupalTestCase::assertEqual protected function Check to see if two values are equal.
DrupalTestCase::assertFalse protected function Check to see if a value is false (an empty string, 0, NULL, or FALSE).
DrupalTestCase::assertIdentical protected function Check to see if two values are identical.
DrupalTestCase::assertNotEqual protected function Check to see if two values are not equal.
DrupalTestCase::assertNotIdentical protected function Check to see if two values are not identical.
DrupalTestCase::assertNotNull protected function Check to see if a value is not NULL.
DrupalTestCase::assertNull protected function Check to see if a value is NULL.
DrupalTestCase::assertTrue protected function Check to see if a value is not false (not an empty string, 0, NULL, or FALSE).
DrupalTestCase::deleteAssert public static function Delete an assertion record by message ID.
DrupalTestCase::error protected function Fire an error assertion.
DrupalTestCase::errorHandler public function Handle errors during test runs.
DrupalTestCase::exceptionHandler protected function Handle exceptions.
DrupalTestCase::fail protected function Fire an assertion that is always negative.
DrupalTestCase::generatePermutations public static function Converts a list of possible parameters into a stack of permutations.
DrupalTestCase::getAssertionCall protected function Cycles through backtrace until the first non-assertion method is found.
DrupalTestCase::insertAssert public static function Store an assertion from outside the testing context.
DrupalTestCase::pass protected function Fire an assertion that is always positive.
DrupalTestCase::randomName public static function Generates a random string containing letters and numbers.
DrupalTestCase::randomString public static function Generates a random string of ASCII characters of codes 32 to 126.
DrupalTestCase::run public function Run all tests in this class.
DrupalTestCase::verbose protected function Logs verbose message in a text file.
DrupalWebTestCase::$additionalCurlOptions protected property Additional cURL options.
DrupalWebTestCase::$content protected property The content of the page currently loaded in the internal browser.
DrupalWebTestCase::$cookieFile protected property The current cookie file used by cURL.
DrupalWebTestCase::$curlHandle protected property The handle of the current cURL connection.
DrupalWebTestCase::$drupalSettings protected property The value of the Drupal.settings JavaScript variable for the page currently loaded in the internal browser.
DrupalWebTestCase::$elements protected property The parsed version of the page.
DrupalWebTestCase::$generatedTestFiles protected property Whether the files were copied to the test files directory.
DrupalWebTestCase::$headers protected property The headers of the page currently loaded in the internal browser.
DrupalWebTestCase::$httpauth_credentials protected property HTTP authentication credentials (<username>:<password>).
DrupalWebTestCase::$httpauth_method protected property HTTP authentication method
DrupalWebTestCase::$loggedInUser protected property The current user logged in using the internal browser.
DrupalWebTestCase::$originalUser protected property The original user, before it was changed to a clean uid = 1 for testing purposes.
DrupalWebTestCase::$plainTextContent protected property The content of the page currently loaded in the internal browser (plain text version).
DrupalWebTestCase::$profile protected property The profile to install as a basis for testing.
DrupalWebTestCase::$redirect_count protected property The number of redirects followed during the handling of a request.
DrupalWebTestCase::$session_id protected property The current session ID, if available.
DrupalWebTestCase::$session_name protected property The current session name, if available.
DrupalWebTestCase::$url protected property The URL currently loaded in the internal browser.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertField protected function Asserts that a field exists with the given name or id.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertFieldById protected function Asserts that a field exists in the current page with the given id and value.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertFieldByName protected function Asserts that a field exists in the current page with the given name and value.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertFieldByXPath protected function Asserts that a field exists in the current page by the given XPath.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertFieldChecked protected function Asserts that a checkbox field in the current page is checked.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertLink protected function Pass if a link with the specified label is found, and optional with the specified index.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertLinkByHref protected function Pass if a link containing a given href (part) is found.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertMail protected function Asserts that the most recently sent e-mail message has the given value.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertMailPattern protected function Asserts that the most recently sent e-mail message has the pattern in it.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertMailString protected function Asserts that the most recently sent e-mail message has the string in it.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertNoDuplicateIds protected function Asserts that each HTML ID is used for just a single element.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertNoField protected function Asserts that a field does not exist with the given name or id.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertNoFieldById protected function Asserts that a field does not exist with the given id and value.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertNoFieldByName protected function Asserts that a field does not exist with the given name and value.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertNoFieldByXPath protected function Asserts that a field does not exist in the current page by the given XPath.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertNoFieldChecked protected function Asserts that a checkbox field in the current page is not checked.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertNoLink protected function Pass if a link with the specified label is not found.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertNoLinkByHref protected function Pass if a link containing a given href (part) is not found.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertNoOptionSelected protected function Asserts that a select option in the current page is not checked.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertNoPattern protected function Will trigger a pass if the perl regex pattern is not present in raw content.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertNoRaw protected function Pass if the raw text is NOT found on the loaded page, fail otherwise. Raw text refers to the raw HTML that the page generated.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertNoResponse protected function Asserts the page did not return the specified response code.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertNoText protected function Pass if the text is NOT found on the text version of the page. The text version is the equivalent of what a user would see when viewing through a web browser. In other words the HTML has been filtered out of the contents.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertNoTitle protected function Pass if the page title is not the given string.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertNoUniqueText protected function Pass if the text is found MORE THAN ONCE on the text version of the page.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertOptionSelected protected function Asserts that a select option in the current page is checked.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertPattern protected function Will trigger a pass if the Perl regex pattern is found in the raw content.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertRaw protected function Pass if the raw text IS found on the loaded page, fail otherwise. Raw text refers to the raw HTML that the page generated.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertResponse protected function Asserts the page responds with the specified response code.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertText protected function Pass if the text IS found on the text version of the page. The text version is the equivalent of what a user would see when viewing through a web browser. In other words the HTML has been filtered out of the contents.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertTextHelper protected function Helper for assertText and assertNoText.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertTitle protected function Pass if the page title is the given string.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertUniqueText protected function Pass if the text is found ONLY ONCE on the text version of the page.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertUniqueTextHelper protected function Helper for assertUniqueText and assertNoUniqueText.
DrupalWebTestCase::assertUrl protected function Pass if the internal browser's URL matches the given path.
DrupalWebTestCase::buildXPathQuery protected function Builds an XPath query.
DrupalWebTestCase::checkForMetaRefresh protected function Check for meta refresh tag and if found call drupalGet() recursively. This function looks for the http-equiv attribute to be set to "Refresh" and is case-sensitive.
DrupalWebTestCase::checkPermissions protected function Check to make sure that the array of permissions are valid.
DrupalWebTestCase::clickLink protected function Follows a link by name.
DrupalWebTestCase::constructFieldXpath protected function Helper function: construct an XPath for the given set of attributes and value.
DrupalWebTestCase::cronRun protected function Runs cron in the Drupal installed by Simpletest.
DrupalWebTestCase::curlClose protected function Close the cURL handler and unset the handler.
DrupalWebTestCase::curlExec protected function Initializes and executes a cURL request.
DrupalWebTestCase::curlHeaderCallback protected function Reads headers and registers errors received from the tested site.
DrupalWebTestCase::curlInitialize protected function Initializes the cURL connection.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalCompareFiles protected function Compare two files based on size and file name.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalCreateContentType protected function Creates a custom content type based on default settings.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalCreateNode protected function Creates a node based on default settings.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalCreateRole protected function Internal helper function; Create a role with specified permissions.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalCreateUser protected function Create a user with a given set of permissions. The permissions correspond to the names given on the privileges page.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalGet protected function Retrieves a Drupal path or an absolute path.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalGetContent protected function Gets the current raw HTML of requested page.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalGetHeader protected function Gets the value of an HTTP response header. If multiple requests were required to retrieve the page, only the headers from the last request will be checked by default. However, if TRUE is passed as the second argument, all requests will be processed…
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalGetHeaders protected function Gets the HTTP response headers of the requested page. Normally we are only interested in the headers returned by the last request. However, if a page is redirected or HTTP authentication is in use, multiple requests will be required to retrieve the…
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalGetMails protected function Gets an array containing all e-mails sent during this test case.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalGetNodeByTitle function Get a node from the database based on its title.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalGetSettings protected function Gets the value of the Drupal.settings JavaScript variable for the currently loaded page.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalGetTestFiles protected function Get a list files that can be used in tests.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalGetToken protected function Generate a token for the currently logged in user.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalHead protected function Retrieves only the headers for a Drupal path or an absolute path.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalLogin protected function Log in a user with the internal browser.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalLogout protected function
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalPost protected function Execute a POST request on a Drupal page. It will be done as usual POST request with SimpleBrowser.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalSetContent protected function Sets the raw HTML content. This can be useful when a page has been fetched outside of the internal browser and assertions need to be made on the returned page.
DrupalWebTestCase::drupalSetSettings protected function Sets the value of the Drupal.settings JavaScript variable for the currently loaded page.
DrupalWebTestCase::getAbsoluteUrl protected function Takes a path and returns an absolute path.
DrupalWebTestCase::getAllOptions protected function Get all option elements, including nested options, in a select.
DrupalWebTestCase::getSelectedItem protected function Get the selected value from a select field.
DrupalWebTestCase::getUrl protected function Get the current url from the cURL handler.
DrupalWebTestCase::handleForm protected function Handle form input related to drupalPost(). Ensure that the specified fields exist and attempt to create POST data in the correct manner for the particular field type.
DrupalWebTestCase::parse protected function Parse content returned from curlExec using DOM and SimpleXML.
DrupalWebTestCase::refreshVariables protected function Refresh the in-memory set of variables. Useful after a page request is made that changes a variable in a different thread.
DrupalWebTestCase::verboseEmail protected function Outputs to verbose the most recent $count emails sent.
DrupalWebTestCase::xpath protected function Perform an xpath search on the contents of the internal browser. The search is relative to the root element (HTML tag normally) of the page.
DrupalWebTestCase::__construct function Constructor for DrupalWebTestCase. Overrides DrupalTestCase::__construct
ip2countryTestCase::$admin_user protected property Admin user
ip2countryTestCase::$unpriv_user protected property Authenticated but unprivileged user
ip2countryTestCase::getInfo public static function Implements DrupalWebTestCase::getInfo().
ip2countryTestCase::resetAll protected function Backport of DrupalWebTestCase::resetAll() from Drupal 7. Overrides DrupalWebTestCase::resetAll
ip2countryTestCase::setUp function Overrides DrupalWebTestCase::setUp(). Overrides DrupalWebTestCase::setUp
ip2countryTestCase::tearDown function Overrides DrupalWebTestCase::tearDown(). Overrides DrupalWebTestCase::tearDown
ip2countryTestCase::testAlterHook function Tests injecting IP data via hook_ip2country_alter()
ip2countryTestCase::testCountrySpoofing function Tests Country Spoofing -- anonymous vs authenticated users Check for info $messages
ip2countryTestCase::testDBCronUpdate function Tests cron DB update.
ip2countryTestCase::testDBDownload function Tests DB download
ip2countryTestCase::testDBManualUpdate function Tests manual DB update.
ip2countryTestCase::testDBUpdateLogging function Tests logging of DB updates.
ip2countryTestCase::testDefaultCountry function Tests Default country
ip2countryTestCase::testIPLookup function Tests IP lookup for addresses in / not in the database.
ip2countryTestCase::testIPManualLookup function Tests manual lookup
ip2countryTestCase::testIPSpoofing function Tests IP Spoofing -- anonymous vs authenticated users Check for info $messages
ip2countryTestCase::testUI function Tests UI
ip2countryTestCase::testUserAccess function Tests module permissions / access to configuration page.
ip2countryTestCase::testUserObject function Tests $user object for proper value